John Adams, Founding Father
John Adams, by David McCullough, is one of my favorite books. Within its pages is an exhaustive account of the life of a man who seemed to be always in the background of early American politics. In this book Mr. McCullough does a wonderful job of bringing John Adams into the light he deserves. I will attempt to give an overview of John Adam’s life that I wrote a couple of months ago, then I will talk more about the book itself. As you read remember that each area I speak of is so much more defined and expanded on in John Adams. I merely scratch the surface.
John Adams was possibly the most influential man in early American politics, and one of its hardest workers. Born in Braintree, Massachusetts in 1735 to a family of farmers, John was encouraged by his father to go to school and rise above his humble beginnings. So he studied law. When he finished his study in law at Harvard he moved to Boston were he became one of the capital’s greatest lawyers. But it wasn’t an easy time to work or live in Boston. John’s cousin, Sam Adams, was a member of the Sons of Liberty, which was a group dedicated to the freedom of America. Fighting between the British and the Sons of Liberty was rare, but there were many riots and protests. When one such protest led to the deaths of five of Boston’s citizens, the patriots were outraged. John Adams, although he was opposed to the British taxation and mistreatment, boldly chose to defend the British soldiers in court, and with the famous saying, “facts are stubborn things,” he was able to save all the soldiers from hanging, but two were branded. After that famous case he bought a house in Boston and moved in with his new wife Abigail and continued to pursue law and a little farming. Wanting to do more to help his country he was quite excited when he was asked to be a representative of Massachusetts at the first Congress of the American people. This Congress, which was a direct defiance to England, would gather men from all thirteen states to discuss and debate what to do about British tyranny. Quickly rising in the eyes of his fellow representatives, John Adams was notorious for his quick wit and his keen ideas. While at this congress Adams wrote Thoughts on Government, which was an important piece of literature and was examined by most of the representatives in Congress. After months of debate the representatives finally agreed that independence was needed so Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and two others were chosen to write out the Declaration of Independence. In the summer of 1776, America declared its independence from Britain. Was there anyone who fought as hard for independence as Adams? I can think of two. Only Sam Adams and George Washington had or would work as hard for the American cause as John Adams.
After the war with England began, America required strong allies to assist them in their struggle. Since France was sworn enemies with England, to France they went. In 1779, John Adams sailed to France. Swiftly the committee, which included Adams as well as John Jay and Ben Franklin, signed a treaty with the French and began to search for more allies in Europe. But then everything changed. The war for American independence was over. Signing a peace treaty, the commander of the English forces, General Cornwallis, had surrendered and ended the war. Although the combat was suddenly over, peace with England did not come until 1782 at the Treaty of Paris. Adams was then chosen to be an emissary to the Netherlands since he was one of the few American citizens with diplomatic experience. America needed money. The war had not been cheap. So they borrowed from allies. Actually, John Adam’s house in the Netherlands was the first American embassy on foreign soil. After a few years he was replaced and returned to France were he was involved with the embassy there. Although he enjoyed working on politics he felt like he was unneeded in France and wrote a letter to Congress asking if he could go home. Instead of getting to return home like he had intended, Adams was chosen to be the ambassador to England, a position he did not look forward to with enthusiasm. One benefit was that Abigail had arrived in France to be with him and provided great comfort to his restless life as a diplomat. While in England he was introduced to King George, and like most of the English, the King showed Adams hostility and little kindness. Finally, John Adams, sailed back over the sea to America, it was his fourth and last voyage across the ocean. Arriving in Massachusetts, John and Abigail were given a hero’s welcome. Something Adams greatly deserved and appreciated. They returned to their farm and John Adams settled into the life of a farmer once more. But American history was not done with John Adams.
America was deciding who should be the first President of the United States. Besides George Washington, Adams was the only valid candidate who had a chance of getting elected. As anticipated, George Washington was elected, and Adams became the first Vice President. Actually, the role of Vice President was probably better for Adams. Why? He started debating again. Discussing what the President’s title should be was one of the defining debates during Adams role as President of the Senate. Then, in 1797, John Adams was elected as the second President of the United States of America. After him by less than ten points, was Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson, who was not friends with Adams, was quite disappointed by this turn of events, since he would be under Adams. During Adams tenure as President he chose to keep all the secretaries that Washington had appointed which included Alexander Hamilton, a man who later betrayed Adams. He also appointed John Marshal to Supreme Court Justice, an intelligent choice as John Marshal was a huge figure throughout the early American political 1900’s. When the French began an undeclared war with American vessels it was the Navy that Adams had insisted on creating that helped them fight the French, who soon decided to end the undeclared war. After his successful four years as President he tried for a second term but did not succeed. He then returned to his farm with his wife Abigail and settled down in Massachusetts. John Adams, farmer, lawyer, statesman, writer, ambassador, Vice President and President, was arguably the most influential man in the history of the early United States of America.
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